Craniopharyngioma - Symptoms & Causes

What is craniopharyngioma?

Craniopharyngioma is a rare type of non-cancerous (benign) slow-growing brain tumor that typically occurs near the pituitary gland, a small organ that regulates vital body functions such as hormonal balance.

This tumor originates from embryonic tissue and, although benign, can cause significant health issues due to its location. Craniopharyngiomas are most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents, but they can also affect adults.

What are the symptoms of craniopharyngioma?

The symptoms of craniopharyngioma are largely due to the tumor's pressure on the surrounding brain structures, particularly the pituitary gland, the optic nerves, and the hypothalamus. Common symptoms include:

• Headaches
• Vision problems, including loss of peripheral vision or double vision
• Hormonal imbalances leading to growth delays in children, irregular menstrual cycles in women, or decreased libido in men
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increased thirst and urination
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Behavioral changes or cognitive difficulties, especially in children

What causes craniopharyngioma?

The exact cause that triggers the growth of craniopharyngioma is not fully understood.

These tumors are thought to arise from remnants of the Rathke’s pouch, an embryonic precursor to the development of the pituitary gland. There are no well-established genetic or environmental factors known to predispose an individual to craniopharyngioma, suggesting that its occurrence is sporadic and not preventable.

What are the complications and related diseases for craniopharyngioma?

Craniopharyngioma can lead to several complications due to its location and the potential for damage to critical brain structures, such as:

• Persistent hormonal deficiencies (hypopituitarism): Requiring lifelong hormone replacement therapy
• Obesity and sleep apnea: Particularly if the tumor affects the hypothalamus
• Hydrocephalus: An accumulation of fluid in the brain
• Visual impairment: If the optic nerve structures are compressed
• Neurological deficits: Depending on the tumor’s size and location
• Psychological and cognitive issues: Impacting social interactions and learning

How do you prevent craniopharyngioma?

Currently, there are no known prevention methods for craniopharyngioma due to its unclear etiology. The focus is rather on early detection and effective management to minimize complications.